Manufacturing Industries (Geography) · Class 10 Social Science · Chapter 5
🌍 Manufacturing Industries (Geography)
CBSE Class 10 · Social Science · Chapter 5
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| 80% | Iron & steel — Chhotanagpur location / problems of the industry — Basic industry → clustered on plateau (iron ore + coking coal + manganese + cheap labour + port + market) → problems (costly coking coal, low labour productivity, irregular power, poor infrastructure) → liberalisation/modernisation way forward. | 5 MARKS |
| 70% | Industrial pollution / steps to control environmental degradation — 4 pollution types (air/water/thermal/noise). Control: recycle & reuse water, treat effluents (primary→secondary→tertiary), rainwater harvesting, electrostatic precipitators/scrubbers, oil-gas not coal, silencers; cite NTPC. | 5 MARKS |
| 55% | Factors deciding industrial location / why cotton mills cluster in Maharashtra-Gujarat — Raw material, market, capital, labour, power, transport + agglomeration economies. Cotton: black soil cotton-growing belt, ports (Mumbai), cheap labour, market, moist climate, capital. | 3 MARKS |
| 45% | Classification distinction (agro vs mineral / integrated vs mini / public vs private) — Agro = farm raw material (sugar, textiles); Mineral = mineral raw material (steel, cement). Integrated = large, full process; Mini = small, scrap + electric arc. Public = govt-owned (SAIL); Private = individual/firm (TISCO). | 3 MARKS |
| 40% | How manufacturing contributes to the economy / why it is the backbone of development — Reduces dependence on farming, creates jobs in secondary & tertiary sectors, modernises agriculture, earns foreign exchange via exports, adds value to raw materials; ~17% of GDP, target ~25-27%. | 3 MARKS |
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